unforgiven and being there :: essays research papers

There are four elements that I will discuss while writing this paper. These four elements will describe the heros plot. The two movies that I will apply these elements to are Unforgiven and world There. The first element that I will discuss is origin. Origin is the starting point of the movie. It is who the suit is at the time you meet him. In the movie Unforgiven, the main(prenominal) character is a man named William Munny. When we first see William Munny, he is on a small spring up with his two children. He is not real moneyed and is working in the pigpen. His wife had died a couple of years ago and he is left to recall care of a farm and his two children. In the movie Being There, the main character is a man named misadventure the Gardner. When the audience first meets calamity, he is sitting on his bed watching television. Chance is a mentally challenged man. A black maid named Louise comes in and tells Chance that the old man has passed away. Louise is very upset and Chance does not show both kind of emotion. This is how both characters in the two movies are introduced to the audience.The second element, which is important, is the back story. The back story is the unseen but understood theme behind the movie. It is the core of the movie in a whole. William Munnys background is introduced at the beginning of the movie. They portray him as an assassin and a die-hard cowboy. He murdered women and children and was the most feared man in Wyoming. Since then he has changed his life. After getting married to his wife he block up drinking and killing and tried to better his life. Chance the Gardner is described as being the caretaker of the garden. He lived with and old man who owns a very large estate. They send word that he was taken into the house at a very young age. Being the gardener, this was the only life he knew. The third element is development. Development is the changes and challenges that the character faces. One of the challenges th at William Munny faces is when a young man comes to Munnys farm and asks Munny to join him in killing two men that sliced a prostitutes face. He says that he will give Munny five hundred dollars if he helped him kill these two men.unforgiven and being there essays research papers There are four elements that I will discuss while writing this paper. These four elements will describe the heros plot. The two movies that I will apply these elements to are Unforgiven and Being There. The first element that I will discuss is origin. Origin is the starting point of the movie. It is who the character is at the time you meet him. In the movie Unforgiven, the main character is a man named William Munny. When we first see William Munny, he is on a small farm with his two children. He is not very wealthy and is working in the pigpen. His wife had died a couple of years ago and he is left to take care of a farm and his two children. In the movie Being There, the main character is a man named Chance the Gardner. When the audience first meets Chance, he is sitting on his bed watching television. Chance is a mentally challenged man. A black maid named Louise comes in and tells Chance that the old man has passed away. Louise is very upset and Chance does not show any kind of emotion. This is how both characters in the two movies are introduced to the audience.The second element, which is important, is the back story. The back story is the unseen but understood theme behind the movie. It is the meaning of the movie in a whole. William Munnys background is introduced at the beginning of the movie. They portray him as an assassin and a die-hard cowboy. He murdered women and children and was the most feared man in Wyoming. Since then he has changed his life. After getting married to his wife he quit drinking and killing and tried to better his life. Chance the Gardner is described as being the caretaker of the garden. He lived with and old man who owns a very large estate. The y suggest that he was taken into the house at a very young age. Being the gardener, this was the only life he knew. The third element is development. Development is the changes and challenges that the character faces. One of the challenges that William Munny faces is when a young man comes to Munnys farm and asks Munny to join him in killing two men that sliced a prostitutes face. He says that he will give Munny five hundred dollars if he helped him kill these two men.

Artificial Olfactory Enhancement :: Olfactory Enhancement Essays

Artificial Olfactory Enhancement The gay olfactory system is responsible for perceiving the chemical world about us. By sampling the environment, we can determine the presence of other individuals, possible danger, or distinguish acceptable food. Consisting of our sense of taste and smell, the olfactory system is a highly interrelated coordination of chemical and nerve responses. Yet as we have all experienced, human olfaction has limits. The popular image of a bloodhound hint hunters through the woods is one example of these limits. The scent trail that is all too easily picked up by the hound is completely elusive to his human companions. This is partially due to the dogs possession of nearly twenty times more olfactory neurons than humans. A nonher example is evident in airports crosswise the country. Long lines of passengers wait in line while a security guard swabs a bag and passes the sample under a mysterious baleful box. The machine squawks an alarm and the owner of the bag is promptly arrested for concealing explosive material. These are two simple situations in which the human olfactory system is not sufficient to meet our needs. We are dependent upon these machines and animals in order to achieve our goals. They are examples where we have identified a shortcoming of human abilities and have seek to augment them through the aid of external devices. Nearly every aspect of human ability has seen the same attempt at embellishment. Even those that have lost(p) functioning are able to regain some ability through the aid of external devices. Yet while wheelchairs and hearing aids are potent to an extent, it is doubtless that those individuals would benefit more if they were free from mechanical restraints. To integrate the advancement into the body itself creates an autonomous individual, whether brought back to normal functioning or elevated beyond. In the case of an individual elevated beyond normal biology, we would have expanded our own authorisation. An olfaction enhanced security guard could detect explosives or drugs instantaneously, without the cumbersome dependency upon a stationary device. An enhanced doctor could evaluate a patient using the subtle scent cues often present in disease. The potential for olfactory enhancement is clear. This paper will examine the potential for an augmented human olfactory system using electronic devices implanted in the body.

Psychology of Homophobia/Sexual Prejudice Essay -- Homophobia Sex Prej

Psychology of Homophobia/Sexual PrejudiceSociety began to rethink homo internality in the 1960s when heterosexual psychologist George Weinberg coined the term homophobia. Weinberg used the term to label heterosexuals fear of world in contact of homosexuals as well as the self-loathing of homosexuals, meaning that homosexuals hated themselves for being intrepid. As of the new millennium, there has been a new special term that has been born to define the fear, hate and disgust that plenty show towards anyones sexual orientation called sexual prejudice. Like other types of prejudice, there are three main principals that surround sexual prejudice it is an attitude, it is directed at social groups and its members, and it is invalidating as involving hostility or dislike. As time goes by there has been differing perspectives on sexual prejudice (homophobia). In an interview with Karen Franklin, a forensic psychologist and creator criminal investigator, which was conducted by PBSs prog ram FRONTLINE, reveals her interest and perspective on anti- cheery hate crimes that relate to homophobia. Franklin has interviewed multiple perpetrators of anti-gay hate crimes and with San Francisco Bay Area College students that has widen to the production of important data of the nature and extent to the negative reactions to gays. When Karen Franklin was asked, What makes a person become a gay basher? she answered, there is no simple answer to that question. Franklin explains that for a person to commit any violent act one must have had something influence them to be violent and the fact that a gay person is being targeted is another motivation. She explains that there are several motivations for these acts. The first motivation is peer dynamics, in which a person tries to nurture masculinity, or to prove heterosexuality, or just not to back down and let ones peers down. The next most common motivation she found was what she called anti-gay ideology in which their reasons fo r their anti-gay feelings are based on morals or religion. Another common motivation was that a person might be thrill-seeking and act to have a good time at someone elses expense. Franklin states that, in general, people are trying to endorse a cultural message that gay people are second class citizens and are not worthy of respect. Franklin feels that this sexual prejudice is a c... ...use whether we know it or not, we all contribute in rase the smallest ways to this problem. For instance, when we go up to our male youth and ask them if they like any girls in their class or when we ask a female if she has a boyfriend, we are contributing to the problem in a subliminal and subconscious manner. We are sending a subliminal message to society we are trying to tell them who they are supposed to be. It is quite ironic to find that men hate gay men, although, at the same time they love and desire gay women and it is acceptable. Sexual prejudice is very complex, confusing, wrong, misun derstood, and very harmful to society.References1.Internalized Homophobiahttp//www.lgcsc.org/internalized.html2.Psychological Perspective Henry Adamshttp//www.rtis.com/reg/bcs/pol/touchstone/november96/muehlen.htm3.The Mind of A Gay Basher Karen Franklinhttp//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/interviews/franklin.html4.Bigots and Buggers pricking Tatcheellhttp//www.petertatchell.net/homophobia/bigots%20are%20buggers.htm5.American Psychological Association Henry Adamshttp//www.apa.org/releases/homophob.html

Good Characteristics to Live By in The Chosen by Chaim Potok :: essays research papers

Qualities of a Good PersonWhat ar things that make someone a good soulfulness? Is it their ability to get along with other pack? How ab tabu the choices that the person makes? Or is it the way that he or she treats his or herself and others? only of the qualities make someone a good person. In the novel The Chosen by Chaim Potok, Danny and Reuven learn many qualities that make them to be better people. Respect, responsibility, and honesty are all important qualities for one to ready in order to become a better person.Respect is a characteristic that all people should salute in every aspect of their lives. It is very important to show appreciate in a work situation. People must show train to be to their bosses in order to keep their jobs. Even more important is for people to have a respectful manner when dealing with their clients. If they do not show respect for the client, then the client will get wind somebody else to do business with. Another place that respect should be shown is at home. Parents must show respect for their children so that the children will listen to them. Disrespectful parents will find it difficult to have a good relationship with their children. Children who show respect for their parents and siblings will find it much easier to receive more privileges. A lack of respect towards the members of one?s family can create a very ill at ease(predicate) home life. Having an uncomfortable home life can cause grades to go down and ability to function well with others to decrease. People should also have respect for themselves. Having respect for oneself makes that person have better feelings for his or herself. If people cannot respect themselves then how are they going to be able to show respect for others? Also respecting oneself makes it easier for other people to respect that person. The ability to take responsibility for ones jobs and actions is a very important quality for a person to show. One place that it is extremely importan t to take responsibility for oneself is at work. People are given tasks that they are to perform in order to receive a paycheck. In order to continue to have a job people must take the responsibility to complete their assigned tasks. If they do not take that responsibility, they may just find themselves out of work. Not only does it allow people to have a job, but it can also lead to raises and promotions in honor of their actions.

The Role Of Women As Portrayed In Classical Mythology Essay examples --

The definitive society was a very remote society. This is reflected throughout the myths in classical mythology. By looking at the classic mythology we will see that the roles women portrayed are very different than womens roles in todays society. Although there are a few similarities to womens roles in todays society, their roles are more like those women in the past. We can see this by looking at the attributes of Greco-Roman female gods and looking at the roles women play in the myths. By comparing the roles of women in the myths with womens roles today we will see that the roles grant galore(postnominal) differences and few similarities. The first things we will look at to show womens roles reflected in Classical mythology are the attributes of the female gods. Of the fourteen main Olympian Deities, except six of them are women. This includes Hera, Hestia, Demeter, Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite. Of these six I believe Hera, Demeter, and Aphrodite best portray the role of wo men in Greco Roman society, as reflected in Classical mythology The Olympian graven image who best shows the role of women is portrayed by Greek Mythology is Hera. Hera is the goddess of marriage, childbirth, and consort of Zeus. She stays at home and presides everywhere the family all day while her husband goes almost making love with every other beautiful girl in Greece. This indicates that in Greco-Roman society the women would stay at home to bide everywhere their children, clean the house, weave, and make the meals. This could be looked at as being very similar to the roles of women in the early to mid 20th century, but is different than the roles of women in todays society. Woman in todays society are no longer expected to stay at home and watch over the house and home. Most women today have jobs and share the housework and cooking with their husbands. In addition, if a woman finds out today that her husband has been quiescency around on her and having children with many other women she can take him for every thing hes got. Lets just say Zeus wouldnt have that that crown or thunderbolt thrower anymore in todays society.Another Olympian Deity who helps show the role of women in Greco-Roman society was Demeter. Demeter is the goddess of grain and fertility. Demeter controls the crops and the making of children. I think that Demeter showed womens roles as gardeners and the tho... ...rarely choose whom the daughter will marry.The Greco-Roman society was a very patriarchal society. This is reflected throughout the myths in classical mythology. By looking at the classic mythology we see that womens roles portrayed in myths are very different than their roles in todays society. In classic mythology women are thought of as housewives who stay at home and preside over the families. They are expected to do what men say even to the extent of marrying whomever their father chooses. They are always at fault for the worlds problems and are never thought to be e qual to men.Womens roles in todays society are far different from this. They are no longer looked upon only to preside over home and family, they are not forced into marriages, and they are not blamed for all the worlds problems. Todays society is not a patriarchal one. In todays society women are looked upon as equal to men making it more equalitarian compared to the Greco-Roman society. Sources CitedPowell, Jennifer. The Women in Myth and in Society. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 2009.http//hsa.brown.edu/maicar/Biographies.html

The Role Of Women As Portrayed In Classical Mythology Essay examples --

The classical parlia mentary procedure was a very patriarchal society. This is reflected throughout the myths in classical mythology. By feeling at the classic mythology we will see that the roles women portrayed are very different than womens roles in immediatelys society. Although there are a few similarities to womens roles in right aways society, their roles are more like those women in the past. We can see this by looking at the attributes of Greco-Roman female gods and looking at the roles women play in the myths. By comparing the roles of women in the myths with womens roles at once we will see that the roles have many differences and few similarities. The first things we will look at to show womens roles reflected in Classical mythology are the attributes of the female gods. Of the fourteen main Olympian Deities, only sextuplet of them are women. This includes Hera, Hestia, Demeter, Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite. Of these six I believe Hera, Demeter, and Aphrodite tru mp portray the role of women in Greco Roman society, as reflected in Classical mythology The Olympian Deity who best shows the role of women is portrayed by Greek Mythology is Hera. Hera is the goddess of marriage, childbirth, and consort of Zeus. She stays at cornerstone and presides over the family all day while her husband goes most make love with every other beautiful girl in Greece. This indicates that in Greco-Roman society the women would stay at home to watch over their children, change the house, weave, and make the meals. This could be looked at as being very similar to the roles of women in the early to mid 20th century, but is different than the roles of women in todays society. Woman in todays society are no longer expected to stay at home and watch over the house and home. Most women today have jobs and share the housework and cooking with their husbands. In addition, if a woman finds out today that her husband has been sleeping around on her and having children w ith many other women she can take him for every thing hes got. Lets just say Zeus wouldnt have that that top or thunderbolt thrower anymore in todays society.Another Olympian Deity who helps show the role of women in Greco-Roman society was Demeter. Demeter is the goddess of grain and fertility. Demeter controls the crops and the making of children. I think that Demeter showed womens roles as gardeners and the tho... ...rarely choose whom the daughter will marry.The Greco-Roman society was a very patriarchal society. This is reflected throughout the myths in classical mythology. By looking at the classic mythology we see that womens roles portrayed in myths are very different than their roles in todays society. In classic mythology women are thought of as housewives who stay at home and preside over the families. They are expected to do what men say even to the extent of marrying whomever their father chooses. They are always at fault for the worlds problems and are never thought to be comprise to men.Womens roles in todays society are far different from this. They are no longer looked upon only to preside over home and family, they are not forced into marriages, and they are not blamed for all the worlds problems. Todays society is not a patriarchal one. In todays society women are looked upon as equal to men making it more equalitarian compared to the Greco-Roman society. Sources CitedPowell, Jennifer. The Women in Myth and in Society. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 2009.http//hsa.brown.edu/maicar/Biographies.html

Legal Aspects †International Business Law

Executive SummaryIn order to fully understand the wave-particle duality of this case there must first be an anlysis of the salient points. This case of inter subject field trade justice applies to transactions for goods or services that cross national boundries. Parties stated herein were affected by disputes regarding askual rights and duties The case concerns government substantive and procedural law at an international level.Case backroundBob keyes, chief executive officer of Fullerton-based MemoryTech Inc., initiated telephone and email communications with purchasing agents in Vietnam, Turkey, Great Britain and Mexico. In his multiple conversations, there were no formal contractual negotitations between MemoryTech and purchasing countries, to his bear neglect.Substantive and procedural issuesKeyes is determined to file suit against Minh and the Government of Vietnam in an American court. However, his claim of breach of contract is not substantiated in his argument. Procedural law prescribes a method of enforcing rights or of obtaining redress for the invasion of rights.1 There is no mention, in the text, of any wrongdoing from Minh that would result in penalty. Unless there is otherwise evidentiary material to prove otherwise, there is an absence of information to build a foundation for this claim. Furthermore, the fact that an official written contract was never endorsed leads to a gray area which would be difficult to interpret in court.The case between Gul and Keyes has a more lucid interpretation. The language in Guls facsimile indicated that, any disputes arising out of this contract must be resolved by arbitration in Istanbul. The assumption here is that the fax was intended to be a written contract initiated by Gul and signed by both parties. However, for a written contract to be legal and binding, it must be signed by both parties. Keyes did not sign and return the document therefore, the only avenue available to Gul is to choose an alternativ e resolution.In addition to this case, there is an incident involving Keyes daughter, Benn, who made an oral commitment and promise to deliver shirt-pocket computers to several of her classmates. Generally, courts do not regard oral commitments as a legal and binding contract and, in most cases, interpret them as hearsay.Finally, the accident which occurred in a Mexican warehouse causing serious bodily injury and property trauma is a case of punitive damages and should be referred to a CISG advisory council. Specific to this case is the fact that an innocent injured party wants to be correct for the damage caused by the injury. International courts will have to address this case with more scrutiny.Legal rights and duties of MT and all other relevant partiesAll iv of these issues are civil cases in which the parties have, available to them, procedural and substantive law. The basic function of civil procedural law is to facilitate the movement of a guinea pig through the legal sy stem.2 This is a safeguard initiated by international law in order to ensure that each party will be afforded fair and impartial treatment. In addition to their right to procedural law, each party has the right to substantive law which basically encompasses the principles of right and wrong as well as the principle that any civil wrongdoing will result in penalty.What should be done?In brief, MTs mature of directors should seek a second opionion from legal counsel because of the confusion in the interpretation of internationl law from both parties.Traditionally, in this country, parties turn to the court system when they cannot progress to an amicable solution by themselves. However, when disputes arise between parties in international business transactions, parties are reluctant to use foreign courts to resolve their disputes.Sometimes parties first appearance an international contract will consider alternative methods of resolving disputes without going to court.These methods, known as alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR), offer a tool of neutrality for resolving disputes. To resolve future disputes without resorting to a foreign legal system, parties should plan ahead by including an ADR clause in their contract. If this clause would have been include in a contract, the issue between Keyes and opposing parties could have been avoided.3Works Cited1. Delmar Au Walston-Dunham, Introduction to Law, pg. 952. IBID3. Kathryn H. Nickerson, (2005), Primer on International Alternative Dispute Resolutions,Office of the Chief Counsel for Intl Commerce, pp. 1-2

Business Analysis& Decision Making Essay

According to Haslam, Neale and Johal (2000), the total factor productivity us in general defined in two main types the Level of delve and capital and their efficiency of production and the productivity of the firm. The productivity of capital and labour is calculated as total outputs divided by inputs of labour and capital. repel cost in a company makes a major part of the production cost and should be therefore most cost efficient. The total date divided to the total physical output equals the total labour productivity.EXAMPLE If a company produces more the one product or provides service alternatively the fabricate it can be difficult to recognise the physical output. Therefore, financial proxies such as prize added or net output of employment atomic number 18 used. In order to compare the figures fair with each other, financial indexes can be produced. This is possible by dividing the total number of labour hours into the measure out added, (Haslam, Neale and Johal, 2000) .The run of this calculation is the value added generated by labour hour. This index can be compare not just with the past years of production of a firm, in addition it is possible to compare with other companies to obtain a broad prospective about labour productivity and how efficient labour is used. Furthermore, over the years inflation changes the purchasing power of money and capital productivity varies. Assts may change value due to depreciation or capital consumption. Therefore, companies analyse the value added per of fixed assets. Capital productivity is calculated as capital stock (before depreciation or capital consumption) divided into the net output or value added figure, (Haslam, Neale and Johal, 2000).The relationship between a growing product market and productivity is that in a growing market the demand of a manufactured good increase. The result is an increase in volumes produced and sold. However, productivity is the output less the cost of production. Therefore , a growing market is not the only factor in order to achieve greater productivity. Like it was briefly pointed out in the paragraph above, labour cost is expensive and therefore should be used efficiently.A boost in productivity may occur whilst improving the productive flow. Due to the introduction of new techniques, working methods such as cell or mass production and technical inventions such as conveyors labour costs can be cut and productivity increased. Another factor for increasing productivity may be employees satisfaction. In addition, in a growing market it comes to fragmentation and segmentation and the market matures. In order to stay competitive some firms lower their prices, which results less revenue generated.Employee satisfactionLabour time most efficient usedlabour efficiency, product quality, brand recognition and the economyHaslam, Neale and Johal, political economy in a Business context 3rd edition, Thomson Learning 2000, London

Ecuadorian Rose Industry

The Ecuadorian Rose Industry 1. What is the basis of Ecuadors comparative advantage in the production of pink wines? Ecuadors rose farms atomic number 18 located in the just about perfect position for growing long and straight roses or at least most of the farms. They are positioned at about 10,000 feet elevation in the Andes Mountains. This provides the roses with high altitude, volcanic soil that is very rich in ingredients, and located on the equator. This gives the roses about 12 hours of solar day every day. Graham) This provides an intense amount of sunlight, so farmers use plastic sheeting to create a greenhouse effect. I believe this helps keep the roses from burning up, be so close to the sun, and from freezing on the cold nights. (Hamilton) It creates a sense of perfect temperatures. (Thompson) 2. Most Ecuadorean roses are sold in the United States or Europe. Who in these countries benefit from the importation of Ecuadorean roses, and how do they benefit? Who loses? Do you think the benefits outweigh the costs?In 2006, the United States accounted for 61% of the Ecuadorean roses total sales. This made us the largest marketplace in this rose industry. Europe accounted for 20% of the exports of Ecuadorean flowers, while these flowers accounted for 31% of the United States flower imports. (Alvaro) Both countries benefit overall because they can imports the roses at such a low price and most of the profits stay in the imported country. (Graham) I believe local growers are the ones who lose in this situation. If buyers can bugger off them for a lower price, most will take it so they can keep more profits.This isnt necessarily the best option for our country, that around companies do not care about the greater good of helping our own country. 3. How does the rose export industry benefit Ecuador? Do these benefits have each implications for the United States and Europe? With the increase of rose and other flower exportation from Ecuador, the countrys export revenue has increases and is increasing the stability of its economy. (Halberstadt) This is one of the do of the fair trade agreement between them and the United States. Another effect is the extra money the people are getting.They are able to take classes to see how to manage the extra money. (Hamilton) Ecuador has also been able to pave more roads, build sophisticated irrigation systems, and some schools with the taxes and revenues from growing roses. (Thompson) Developed countries, deal the United States and Europe, have to see to it that as developing nations, like Ecuador, become more developed they have to adhere to global standards and it is up to developed countries to help with this. 4. How should developed nations respond to reports of short(p) working conditions in this industry?Should importers in some way certify Ecuadorean producers, or only importing from those who adhere to strict labor and environmental standards? I believe the developed nations should help to encourage making the working conditions better. Although the average flower worker does earn more than the minimum wage of $120 per month, but it does not make up for the horrible conditions. I also believe importers should certify Ecuadorean producers for those following the labor and environmental standards and those who are trying to improve their operations. Plantations, like RosaPrima, have done this.Ross Johnson, a general manager of the plantation, said that they had made a lot of improvements over the years, from protective wear and equipment to cracking down of peasant labor. (Thompson) Works Cited 1. ) Alvaro, Mercedes. Ecuador Flower Exports Require U. S. Trade Deal to Keep Growing. Dow Jones Newswires Feb. 2006. 3 March 2013 . 2. ) Graham, Grace. Five Reasons who you shouldnt Buy her Roses North by Northwestern Feb. 2010. 3 March 2013 http//northbynorthwestern. om/story/five-more-reasons-why-you-didnt-buy-your-girlfrien/. 3. ) Halberstadt, Jason. Ecuador Forei gn Trade. Ecuador Trade Copyright 1997-2013. 3 March 2013 4. ) Hamilton, Cortney and Deb Tullmann. Rough Cut. Ecuador Flower Power Feb. 2008. 3 March 2013 . 5. ) Thompson, Ginger. Behind Roses Beauty, unfortunate and Ill Workers NY Times Feb, 2003. 3 March 2013 .

My Career Objective

In my first employment, I want to be employed as marketing assistant for a drug Maker Company. Being a fresh graduate with a pharmaceutical degree from the university, I am quite excited to be in the marketing department because the job seemed to fit to my course (a Bachelors Degree in pharmaceutic). The job that I want to have includes the sale of pharmaceutical products, taking orders from the customers, and developing seam relations with some(prenominal) recent and old customers.Target MarketMy main target market is the Pharmaceutical Companies in India, which compensate pharmaceutical products and drugs for export to South East Asia. Most of the drugs are sold over the counter, as these drugs are common medicines for fever, cough, and flu. There are also generic antibiotic medicines such as cefalexin and amoxicillin that are sold cheap. At present, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Malaysia are the emerging pharmaceutical manufacturer and exporter in the region.In order to wrangle my desire to acidulate in pharmaceutical company in India, I checked for job opportunities in some pharmaceutical companies in India. See accompaniment A or Job announcements samples from India. This job opportunity requires a minimum of one-year experience provided I believe that if the credential is impressive, it may non pose problem.Personal FeaturesTo prove my deserving to the position, I would like to emphasize v features that describe me as a person, and as a professional. First, I posses a solid communication skills both in person and by phone which I developed during my student days as public information officer in our school organ which I believe go out benefit the marketing department. Second, I am proficient with Macintosh, PC, and spreadsheet applications I am particularly knowing with technical skills that give me an advantage over other applicants. Third, I can effectively manage important aspect of business operations, including inventory management and narration maintenance. I acquired knowledge in this area through my on-the job training at my grand fathers business firm.Fourth, I have a flexible character and I cab easily get along with others. This enables me to have the ability to organize and motivate others. I believe this is important in the work place because working in harmony with others builds teamwork, which is important in creating a productive work environment. Above all these, is that I posses a unbendable work ethic and enthusiasm to learn. I believe that with all this features I can help the company to boost its sales performance as surface as in advancing the companys competitive advantage.What makes me different from others?I understand that there are many applicants to the position I desired, but I would like to point out my advantage with others, which make the difference. Aside from the five features that I have which I mentioned above, I am a cod person. I have strong sense of humor and I could easily crack jokes that can uplift the guts of my peers. I am willing to do some technical trouble shooting if necessary, even to the extent of working on twenty-four hours to ensure effective communication facility or to find the necessary requirements.I am aware that this is not the kind of job I am applying but if I need to do so, I will be willing. My communication skills would be an advantage too. I have communications with a lot of important personality that could provide an important business link. If I will be given the chance to be part of the marketing team, I could work with these important people to advance the companies interest and goals.Salary viewWith regard to the salary, I will not be so particular about how much as long as it is respectable. I mean not really high but not very low also. But this depends on the company situation. If the company is multi-national I would expect salary that will adapted to my worth in the company. I believe this is justifiab le because multi-national company earns enormous profits and it is not a sin to demand a fair share. I will not demand higher salary, but just the appropriate compensation based on the prevailing salary standard.However if necessary, I am willing to accept lower salary if that meant developing good experience for a better job two to three years from now. I do not think demanding a higher salary at this point is unjustifiable in the sense that I have not proven tho my worth. I need to prove all that I have stated in my resume. The salary that I expect is the current minimum wage for professional.promotional strategy (why I want This Job)I have learned about the job opportunity in India from the internet at chawbacon job await India. The specific location of the company is in Mumbai. I want this job because I have particular interest in pharmaceutical related work. in any case this is my field of expertise and it would be more comfortable for me if will be in this fieldwork. Perha ps what attracts me to this kind of work is that since childhood, I was fascinated by the apothecary in their beautiful uniform that I used to see at a nearby drugstore in our neighborhood. I choose to work in India because I want to experience a new culture. India is one of the fastest growing economies in Asia and considered to one of the emerging hegemonic economy after the United States.What do I see my self doing in five yearsI would say that I will still be in this company five years from now but perhaps as the marketing head of the companys marketing department. I am quite sure that both my technical and communication skills will be even more developed during the course of my employment and I expect that I can acquire new skills, particularly in management, that could provide me the opportunity for career improvement. I am confident that so long as the top management recognized my worth and justly compensate my effort, I can perform my best and wait loyal to the companys go als and mission.What do I see my self in ten years?As I mentioned earlier, so long as the company recognized my worth and justly compensate my effort, I will remain loyal to the company and perform my best. In this case I see my self-being in the top management team or perhaps a emergence manager in either India or in particular Asian country. My loyalty to the company will remain until the time of my retirement. The companys presumption and confidence in me as well as the fare recognition of my initiative, my effort, and my skills and experience with the company will be the motivating factor behind my commitment.distributional StrategyI will make the employer aware of the benefit that I can provide through my resume with attached application letter. I essential prepare an impressive resume that presents my outstanding qualification specified in terms of acquired skills, personal attributes, cocurricular and community involvement, awards, and most importantly my work experience. By means of these points of competencies, I can generally pinpoint my advantages over other applicants and in the same way, the employer can easily determine why he has to select me from the many choices he has.Basically, resume and application letter is the best option for all application in making that first point of while away with the employer. This is the best way to make personal impression because this reflects your sincerity and personality.Appendix AJOB ANNOUNCEMENT FROM THE INTERNETMarketing ExecutiveCompany profile The company is into manufacturing of High Quality Pharmaceutical, Chemicals, Cosmetics, Beverages & Food Industries Machineries & Equipments. Job involves The job will include sale of pharmaceutical Machinery, follow up with client, Taking orders from clients, overall business development of the old and New clients as well. Experience 1 3 yrs Job Category Marketing / SalesMedical Marketing AssociatesCompany visibleness A Pharmaceutical Group of CompanyJ ob involves Post Graduates/ Graduates in Medicine/ Pharmacy/ science. Experience 1 2 yrs Job Category Pharmaceutical/ Biotech Keywords Medical Marketing AssociatesMore Information Salary Upto Rs 1.75 lacs p.a Location Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Jaipur Date Posted Source http//in.jobs.yahoo.com/jobs.php?jc=PharmaceuticalWork CitedHenry, Merrit. Constructing an Impressive Resume. The Jamaica Observers. April 22, 2007. http//www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20070421T210000-0500_122057_OBS_CONSTRUCTING_AN_IMPRESSIVE_R_SUM__.asp.Yahoo Job Search in India. http//in.jobs.yahoo.com/jobs.php?jc=Pharmaceutical

Furniture: Marketing and Consumers

Question 2 Using a multistage CDP model, describe how consumers in this market segment( Gen Y and young professionals) typically make furniture purchase decisions. In this case, it mentions 4 stages which include need recognition, search process, pre-purchase evaluation, and purchase. Need recognition occurs when consumers really need to a greater extent furniture commonly. Actually, many situations go out cause their needs. For instance, replacing their furniture, having more money, get ting married and so on.After they decide to buy revolutionary furniture, if the need of new furniture is not very urgent, they intend to do extraneous research to make sure. However, in many cases, they entrust be influenced by sales promotion and previous experience. Advice from friends and family will be a reference. Advertising, compargond with that, is the most untrustworthy. They will go to real shops to see what they interchangeabled online and feel the comfort and workmanship in person. If they like a brand, they will find relevant products from that brand or another brand with similar styles.After deciding which to buy, it comes to the purchase process. Most of consumers had used financing in the past, only now they prefer to pay in cash. scarcely for Gen Y and young professionals, they have lower income and cannot present to pay cash. They desire to feel the perception, that they can enjoy a lifestyle that is above what they can afford by spreading the payments over a long period of time. Therefore, they would like to pay it with interests for six months. Question 3 How should Family piece of furniture respond to competitors?Over the years, Family Furniture has faced many big competitors. Some furniture store attract clients with no, no, no advertising, which means no down payment, no interest and no payments until abutting year. It was reported that an increasing number of Family Furnitures customers went to other stores in other cities or nearby regions to b uy furniture and some others were do their purchases through the Internet. This has put Family Furniture into a perplexing situation. In my view, Family Furniture should expand its target market to younger people, together with the old.The fact that the city has many young consumers, unemployment rate is low be an advantage for the company. That consumers here are mostly white-collar and well-educated workers with a high level of income tells us that they are totally be able to afford their purchases in Family Furniture. With a strong historical business, the company can promote big advertising campaigns to recall customer awareness, such as offering big sales on special occasions or sending magazines to their mail boxes every month to show new products with new promotional programs.These programs should always emphasize the familiarity of customers with Family Furniture over other competitors through a long period, well-known national brands and the quality of furniture. In addi tion, market techniques involving community involvement such as an official website or searching websites should also be improved, because they will catch customers attention and help them find reading about the company and products much more easily. Question 4 What promotional strategy and media do you recommend for Family Furniture?Family Furniture is a business-to-consumer company but not a business-to-business one. They sell furniture directly to consumers. So I recommend this company to use a pull strategy which means outgo on advertising, sales promotion and direct marketing to induce final consumers to buy their furniture. Advertising will help Family Furniture to present their promotion of ideas, goods, or services to compete with others, like Ikea. Direct marketing concentrates on individual consumers to both obtain immediate response and cultivate lasting customer relationships, such as the using of internet.According to the research on reasons of choosing a particular store, previous experience and sale or promotion account for 28 and 36 parting respectively. It means these two reasons are the most important elements that make consumers choose a particular store. Family Furniture should choose both personal communication transmit (two or more people communicate directly with each other) and non-personal communication fetchs (media that carry messages without personal contact for feedback) as their media to induce consumers to purchase.The last channel of personal communication is word-of-mouth influence. People may influenced by their neighbors, friends, family members and so forth. Print media, for instance, newspapers and magazines should be remained, because it works and has lasted for decades. As Cult Advertising said recently, untraditional marketing techniques need to be involved. Young generations use computers more often than older people, they will pay attention to fresh and new things rather than printed brochures.Online media like c ompany Web, e-mail should be used as well because most of their customers are older people, they should attract more young people. Then their consumers region will be broader. Using mass media often affect buyer behavior indirectly by causing more personal communication. If the products in Family Furniture are very good, consumers will spread this information by word-of-mouth influence channel.

Law of Sale of Goods (Part I)

Topic 12 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Law of exchange of Goods (Part I) LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic, you should be able to Define the fee-tailing of earnests Describe the classification of goods Differentiate a thin of exchanges event and an agreement to sell Explain the implied terms in a assume of barter of goods and Identify the importance of transfer of decently-hand(a)ty in the goods. INTRODUCTION The cut-rate sale of Goods telephone number 1957 (Revised 1989) is the statute applicable to sale of goods in peninsular Malaysia.For Sabah and Sarawak, the law of sale of goods is governed by ingredient 5(2) of the Civil Law Act 1956. It appends that The law to be administered shall be the identical as would be administered in England in the like incase at the corresponding period. In effect, Sabah and Sarawak continue to apply principles of side of meat law relating to the sale of goods. The sales event of Goods Act 1957 was enacted based on the English Sale of Go ods Act 1893 (which was replaced by the Sale of Goods Act 1979).The Sale of Goods Act 1957 applies to claims for the sale of all types of goods including second-hand goods, and to commercial and private sales, wholesale and retail. The general law of claim will continue to apply to perplexs for the sale of goods as atom 3 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 expressly provides for the continual application to removes for the sale of goods of the 198 publication 12 justness OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) provisions of the Contracts Act 1950 in so far as they atomic number 18 non inconsistent with the express provision of this Act. 12. 1 DEFINITION OF GOODSGoods under parting 2 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1957 factor every kind of movable berth new(prenominal) than actionable claims and coin and includes stocks and sh bes, growing crops, grass, and intimacys attached to or forming part of the land which agreed to be severed before sale or under the contract of sale. In Section 6 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957, goods which form the capable of a contract of sale whitethorn be either existing goods or future goods. Existing goods atomic number 18 goods already owned or possessed by the trafficker and may comprise limited or unascertained goods.Goods are item if they are identified and agreed upon at the date a contract of sale is make. Unascertained goods are goods non identified and agreed upon at the fourth dimension a contract of sale is made. Ascertained goods are those unascertained goods which have been identified and appropriated to the contract after the contract has been made. Future goods consist of goods to be manufactured or produced or acquired by the seller after the reservation of the contract of sale. 12. 2 CONTRACT OF SALE A contract of sale is the transfer of self-will of the goods to the emptor for a money consideration.Section 4(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 defines a contract of sale of goods as A contract whereby the seller tr ansfers or agrees to transfer the holding in goods to the purchaser for a price. A contract of sale includes a sale and an agreement to sell. What is the difference between a sale and an agreement to sell? According to Section 4(3) of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 Where under a contract of sale the keeping in the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer, the contract is called a sale, only if where the transfer of the stem 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) 199 property in the goods is to imply place at a future time or subject to some train in that locationafter to be fulfilled, the contract is called an agreement to sell. beneath Section 4(4) An agreement to sell flexs a sale when the time elapses or the conditions are fulfilled subject to which the property in the goods is to be transferred. The above provisions sublime a sale from an agreement to sell in terms of self-command or the property in the goods.A contract is a sale when the ownership or the property i n the goods hightail ites to the buyer and it is an agreement to sell where the transfer of the property in the goods is to take place at a future time or subject to some condition to be fulfilled. An ownership must also be distinguished from possession. A person who possesses certain goods may not be the owner of the goods. Alternately, an owner of certain goods may not have the goods in his possession. In an agreement to sell, the goods still belong to the seller. Consequently, if the buyer discoveres an agreement to sell, the seller may process for unliquidated damages.If the seller breaches an agreement to sell, the buyer has only a personal remedy for damages against the seller. Whereas in a sale, if the buyer fails to pay, the seller can sue for the contract price because ownership has passed to the buyer. 12. 3 TERM OF CONTRACT The conditions and warranties in contract of sale of goods are provided in Section 12 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957. A condition under Section 12(2) is A stipulation essential to the main heading of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a right to turn to the contract as repudiated. 200 TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I)A warranty under Section 12(3) is A stipulation collateral to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which give rise to a claim for damages but not a right to reject the goods and treat the contract as repudiated. According to Section 12(4) Whether a stipulation in a contract of sale is a condition or a warranty depends in each case on the construction of the contract. The stipulation may be a condition, though called a warranty in the contract. There are deal which permit the buyer to treat a breach of condition as a breach of warranty, as provided in Section 13(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1957.It provides that Where a contract of sale is subject to every condition to be fulfilled by the seller, the buyer may waive the condition or elect to treat the breach of the condition as a bre ach of warranty and not as a ground for treating the contract as repudiated. However, under Section 13(2), where a contract is not severable and the buyer has accepted the goods or part thereof, the breach of condition must be treated as a breach of warranty. Similarly, in a case where the contract is for particular(prenominal) goods and the property has passed to the buyer.Therefore, the buyer cannot reject the goods and repudiate the contract. 12. 4 IMPLIED TERMS Implied terms are those conditions and warranties implied by the statute into particular contracts. The terms, though not expressly found in the contract, are generally accepted incidents of the contract and therefore imported by the courts. The kind of terms implied by statute for the contract of sale of goods are the conditions and warranties provided under the Sale of Goods Act 1957. These conditions and warranties implied in a contract of sale of goods ind the contracting parties, the buyer and the seller. However, according to Section 62 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 This right, duty or liability that would arise under a contract of sale by implication of law may be negatived or varied by express agreement or by the course of dealings between the parties, or by usage, if the usage is to bind both parties to the contract. This center the parties to a contract of sale may exclude the implied terms by the express agreement or by previous dealings or by usage. TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) 201 12. . 1 Title Section 14 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 provides the implied undertaking as to title in a contract of sale. According to the provision, unless the circumstances of the contract indicate a different intention, there is (a) An implied condition on the part of the seller that in the case of a sale, he has a right to sell the goods, and in the case of an agreement to sell, he will have a right to sell the goods at the time when the property or ownership is to pass. An implied warranty that the buyer shall have and enjoy quiet possession of the goods.An implied warranty that the goods shall be free from any charge or encumbrance in opt of any third party not declared or hold outn to the buyer before or at the time when the contact is made. (b) (c) A breach of condition entitles the buyer to treat the contract as repudiated and recover the price in full even though he has used the goods. This is because the buyer pays the price of the goods in order to enjoy the ownership as well as the use of the goods. In the case of Rowland v Divall 1923 2 KB 500, the plaintiff bought a gondola car from the defendant.After using the car for four months, the plaintiff find that it was a stolen car and he had to return it to the true owner. The mash of Appeal held that the defendant had breached the condition as to title and the plaintiff could recover the full price because of total failure of consideration. 12. 4. 2 Sale of Goods by interpretation The rule relating to sa le of goods by description is provided in Section 15 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957. It provides that Where there is a contract for the sale of goods by description, there is an implied condition that the goods shall correspond with the description. 202 TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) In addition, If the sale is by sample as well as by description, it is not sufficient that the bulk of the goods corresponds with the sample if the goods do not also correspond with the description. Sale of goods by description covers all cases where the buyer has not catchn the goods but is relying on the description alone, for example, goods logical from a catalogue or if ordered over the counter, by a calling name. Thus, it includes all contracts for the sale of unascertained goods and sale of limited goods which the buyer has not seen prior to the contract.In the case of Nagurdas Purshotumdas & Co. v Mitsui Bussan Kaisha Ltd (1911) 12 SSLR 67, previous contracts between the parties for t he sale of flour had been sold in bags arrogateing a well-known trade mark. Further flour was ordered, described as the same as our previous contract. Flour identical in timber was delivered but it did not bear the same well-known trade mark. It was held that it did not comply with the description. In another case of Beale v. Taylor 1967 1 WLR 1193, the seller advertised a car as tell transformable, white, 1961, twin carb.The buyer saw the car before he agreed to buy. Later, he discovered that the rear of the car was part of a 1961 Herald Convertible while the front half was part of an earlier model. It was held that he was entitled to claim damages for breach of the condition. In the case of Moore & Co v. Landauer & Co 1921 2 KB 519, the buyers were entitled to reject the goods because half of the cases contained only 24 tins, even though the total quantity was met. The contract was for 3100 cases of Australian canned fruit packed 30 tins to case. 2. 4. 3 Fitness for Purpose a nd Merchantable Quality Section 16 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 provides that there is no implied warranty or condition as to the shade or opposeness for any particular purpose of goods supplied under a contract of sale except in the quest state of affairss TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) 203 Goods must be reasonably fit for the purpose for which the buyer wants them (Section 16(1)(a)) or Goods must be of merchantable quality (Section 16(1)(b)). (a) Goods must be reasonably fit for the buyerEs purpose. Where the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required, so as to examine that the buyer relies on the sellerEs skill or judgement, and the goods are of a description which is in the course of the sellerEs business to supply (whether he is the manufacturer or manufacturer or not), there is an implied condition that the goods shall be reasonably fit for such(prenominal) purpose. hardly in the case o f a contract for the sale of a contract article under its patent or other trade name, there is no implied condition as to its fitness for any particular purpose.The buyer may invoke Section 16(1)(a) if he makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which he acquires the goods and the buyer is relying on the sellerEs skill and judgement. The goods must also be a description which is in the course of the sellerEs business to supply and if the goods are specific, they must be bought under their trade name or patent. The above requirements are explained in the following cases In Griffiths v. Peter Conway Ltd. 1939 1 all in all ER 685, a woman with an abnormally sensitive skin bought a Harris Tweed coat without disclosing to the seller about her abnormality.She could not claim under this section because the coat would not harm a normal person. Thus, the buyer must clearly indicate the particular purpose for which the goods are to be used. Otherwise, there is no breach of the implied condition if the goods are suitable for their general and normal purpose. If the description of the goods is only for one purpose, indeed(prenominal) it requires no further indication. For example, a hot water bottle is meant to contain hot boiling water if it breaks upon filling of hot water, then it is not fit for its purpose. 204 TOPIC 12LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) In the case of Cammell Laird & Co v. Manganese Bronz and Brass Co Ltd 1934 AC 402, there was a contract by A to score a propeller for B in accordance with BEs specification and to fit a particular ship and its engine. The propeller supplied complied with the specification and design but did not suit the shipEs engine. A was held liable for breach of an implied condition since the buyer had informed the seller of the purpose for which he needed the goods and relied on the sellerEs skill and judgement to provide them. In Baldry v.Marshall 1925 1 KB 260, the buyer asked the dealer for a car suitable for touri ng and the dealer recommended a Bugatti car. A contract for the sale of the car was made. Later, the buyer found that the car was unsuitable for touring. The Court of Appeal held that the dealer was liable because the buyer had relied on the dealerEs judgement in selecting a suitable car for the specific purpose stated by the buyer (even though the car was bought under its trade name). Hence, if the buyer purchases goods under its trade name but at the same time relies on the sellerEs recommendation, it fashion the buyer is still relying on the sellerEs skill.But if the buyer purchases specific goods under a trade name and gives the impression that he is not relying on the sellerEs skill, then he cannot claim under this section. (b) Goods must be of merchantable quality Where goods are bought by description from a seller who deals in goods of that description (whether he is the manufacturer or producer or not), there is an implied condition that the goods shall be of merchantable q uality. However, If the buyer has examined the goods, there shall be no implied condition as regards spots, which such examination ought to have revealed. Merchantable quality means the goods are fit for the particular use in which they were sold. Therefore, if they are defective for their purpose, they are considered unmerchantable. TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) 205 For implied condition as to merchantable quality, the buyer need not make known to the seller the particular purpose for which he requires the goods. The section only requires the goods to be bought by description and bought from a seller dealing with the goods of that description. Where goods are old under their trade name, the implied condition as to merchantable quality is applicable although the implied condition as to fitness is excluded. In Wilson v. Ricket, Cockerall & Co. Ltd 1954 1 All ER 868, fuel by its trade name ACoaliteE was ordered from a fuel merchant. The consignment was contaminated in that a detonator was embedded in the coal, resulting in an explosion in the fire-place when used. The Court held that the consignment as a whole was unmerchantable, having defects making it unfit for burning.In the proviso to Section 16(1)(b), the implied condition does not apply where the buyer has examined the goods as regards defects which such examination ought to have revealed. This means if the buyer has conducted some examination before or at the time of the contract, the buyer cannot later complain about the defects which would be revealed by a proper examination. In the case of Thornett & Fehr v. Beers & Sons 1913 1 KB 486, the buyer had conducted a superficial look at the outside of some barrel of glue. It was held that there was an examination and therefore the implied condition as to merchantable quality did not apply. 2. 4. 4 Sale by Sample Section 17 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 provides that in a contract for the sale of goods by sample, there is an implied condition (a ) (b) That the bulk shall correspond with the sample in quality That the buyer shall have reasonable opportunity of analyse the bulk with the sample and 206 TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) (c) That the goods shall be free from any defect rendering them unmerchantable which would not be patent on reasonable examination of the sample. The three conditions above are independent of one another.If the bulk corresponds with the sample but there is a latent defect rendering the goods unmerchantable, the buyer is still entitled to reject them. In the case of Drummond v. Van Ingen (1887) 12 App. Cas. 284, the cloth supplied by the seller was equal to sample previously examined but because of a latent defect not discoverable by a reasonable examination, the Court found the seller in breach of the condition. SELF-CHECK 12. 1 1. What is the meaning of existing goods, future goods, specific goods and unascertained goods? Provide examples in your explanation. What is the difference betw een a sale and an agreement to sell?What are the kind of implied conditions and warranties combine in a contract of sale of goods? What is the effect of breach of implied condition and warranty in a contract of sale of goods? Can the party to the contract of sale of goods exclude the implied terms? 2. 3. 4. 5. TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) 207 ACTIVITY 12. 1 Discuss the following questions (a) Michael and his married woman Betty, were busy shopping for sore piece of furniture for their new house. Three days before moving, they visited a furniture shop Antique Design. Betty was very interested in a sofa placed from Italy worth RM15,000.The wane was made from soft leather, brown in colour and consist of one coffee table, and they agreed to buy the set. Both the husband and wife also agreed to buy a double bed for their daughters. Michael informed the seller that he wanted a double bed made from good quality wood. The seller assured Michael that he would meet MichaelEs re quest, as he was an expert and experienced in selling furniture. After fee, the seller promised to deliver the furniture on the day that they were supposed to move into their new house. Michael and Betty also went to Cool Air-Cond, a shop selling air conditioners.The seller managed to attract Michael to buy a man-portable air-conditioner at the price of RM2,000, with a guarantee that the air conditioner could be used for the next five years without any problem. After checking the goods and satisfied with their condition, Michael made a payment. The seller promised to deliver the air conditioner on the day they move to the new house. On the day of moving, all of the goods ordered by Michael and Betty were delivered. Nevertheless, they were disappointed to see that the sofa set that was delivered was not brown and did not include the coffee table and that the double bed ordered was not of good quality wood.Meanwhile, the portable air conditioner that Michael bought produced a strong noise when it was switched on. Michael and Betty were very disappointed with what had happened and seek your legal advice on what action can be taken on the sellers of the goods. B placed an advertisement in a local newspaper offering for sale, a second-hand car at RM40,000 o. n. o. The car was described as Toyota, late 2000 model. Q responded by offering to buy the car at RM37,000. The offer was accepted by B.After driving the car for almost three months, Q discovered that only the body of the car was of late 2000 model while the engine was from a much earlier model. Q now wishes to rescind the contract and seeks your advice on the matter. Advise Q on her rights under the Sale of Goods Act 1957. (b) (c) 208 TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) (d) Sally, a contestant in one of the top reality shows in TVReality was preparing for the final contest to become the winner for the new season 2008. Sally engaged a professional tailor to sew the fancy up suitable for the contest.Sally consulted robin, a well-known fashion antecedent in town, on the choice of fabric for the dress because she had sensitive skin and was allergic to certain types of fabric. Sally paid RM3,000 for the cost of the dress. After the contest, Sally discovered red spots on her skin. She went to see the doctor and was told that her skin was sensitive to the fabric used for the dress that she had worn for the contest. Sally went to see Robin and returned the dress because the fabric used for the dress was not fit for the purpose she made known to Robin and caused her skin complaint.Sally also claimed for the refund of the cost of the dress from Robin and the medical expenses incurred by her. Decide whether Sally could claim for the refund of her money from Robin as well as the cost for her medical expenses. 12. 5 alter OF PROPERTY IN THE GOODS AND RISK Property in the goods means title or ownership. The transfer of property in the goods is very important because it determines the risk. As a general rule, the risk passes when the property in the goods passes (notwithstanding whether delivery has been made). Thus, the goods will remain at the sellerEs risk until the property in the goods is transferred to the buyer.When the title or ownership is transferred to the buyer, then the goods are at the buyerEs risk. According to Section 26 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 Unless otherwise agreed, the goods remain at the sellerEs risk until the property therein is transferred to the buyer, but when the property therein is transferred to the buyer, the goods are at the buyerEs risk whether delivery has been made or not Provided that where delivery has been delayed through the fault of either buyer or seller, the goods are at the risk of the party in fault as regards any loss which might not have occurred but for such fault. TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) 209 This means, if delivery has been delayed through the fault of either party, the goods are at the risk of the party in fault as regards any loss which might not have occurred but for such fault. 12. 5. 1 Effects of the Contract Since the risk passes when the property in the goods passes, is it essential to know when the title passes. Under the Sale of Goods Act 1957, Section 18 to 23 provide certain rules that determine the time when property in the goods passes to the buyer. a) Sale of unascertained goods Under Section 18 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957, where there is a contract for the sale of unascertained goods, no property in the goods is transferred to the buyer unless and until the goods are ascertained. Sale of specific or ascertained goods Under Section 19 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957, where there is a contract for the sale of specific or ascertained goods the property in them is transferred to the buyer at such time as the parties to the contract intend it to be transferred. Thus, the general rule is that title passes when the parties to a contract of sale intend it to pass.Unless a dif ferent intention appears, the following rules are the rules for ascertaining the intention of the parties as to the time of passing of property in the goods. (c) precise goods in a deliverable state Under Section 20 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957, where there is an unconditional contract for the sale of specific goods in a deliverable state, the property in the goods passes to the buyer when the contract is made. It is immaterial whether the time of payment of the price or the time of delivery of the goods is postponed. For example, A agrees to buy a specific book entitled Business Law on credit.The title in the book passes to A on the sale even though the payment is postponed. (d) Specific goods to be put into a deliverable state Under Section 21 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957, where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods and the seller is bound to do something to the (b) 210 TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) goods for the purpose of putting them into a deliverable state, the property does not pass until such thing is done and the buyer has notice thereof. For example, A agrees to sell a specific computer to B and promises to install the specific software in the disk.The ownership in the computer does not pass to B until A installs the specific software as promised and B must know about the fact that A has done the installation. (e) Specific goods in a deliverable state when the seller has to do anything thereto in order to ascertain price Under Section 22 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957, where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods in a deliverable state, but the seller is bound to weigh, measure, test, or do some other act or thing with reference to the goods for the purpose of ascertaining the price, the property does not pass until such act or thing is done and the buyer has notice thereof.For example, A agrees to sell to B all the flour contained in a specific sack for RM3 per kilogram. The title does not pass to B until A weigh s the flour and B knows that the flour has been weighed. (f) Sale of unascertained goods and appropriation Under Section 23 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957, where there is a contract for the sale of unascertained or future goods by description and goods of that description and in a deliverable state are unconditionally appropriated to the contract, either by the seller with the assent of the buyer or by the buyer with the assent of the seller, the property in the goods thereupon passes to the buyer.The assent may be expressed or implied and may be given either before or after the appropriation is made. A contract for the sale of unascertained goods is an agreement to sell and not a sale. Future goods mean goods to be manufactured or produced or acquired by the seller after the making of the contract of sale. Unconditionally appropriated to the contract in the provision above means a clear act showing the intention to identify certain goods as attached to the contract and without any c ondition.The duty to appropriate may be placed on the buyer or the seller. Appropriation may involve the act of selecting, separating or weighing from a bulk by the buyer or the seller, and it must be approved by the other party. The appropriation must be unconditional and it should pass property in the goods without further requirements (such as payment or price). Further, Section 23(2) of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 provides that where (in pursuance of the contract) the seller delivers the goods to the buyer or to a TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) 211 arrier or other bailee for the purpose of transmission to the buyer, and does not reserve the right of disposal, he is deemed to have unconditionally appropriated the goods to the contract. The effect is that property in the goods passes to the buyer at the time when the goods are handed over to a carrier (for example, a transportation company such as shipping, trucking or railway). The carrier is the buyerEs agent for the purp ose of delivery. But if the carrier is the agent of the seller, then property in the goods will not pass until the goods are actually delivered to the buyer. g) Goods sent on approval or on sale or return Under Section 24 of the Sale of Goods Act 1957, when goods are delivered to the buyer on approval or on sale or return, or other similar terms, the property in the goods passes to the buyer (i) when the buyer signifies his approval or acceptance to the seller or does any other act adopting the transaction or if he does not signify his approval or acceptance to the seller but retains the goods without giving notice of rejection, then, if a time has been fixed for the return of goods, on the expiration of such time, and if no time has been fixed, on the expiration of a reasonable time. ii) Under the second situation above, if a time is fixed for the return of the goods, then property in the goods passes upon the expiration of the time. But if no time is fixed, property in the goods p asses upon the expiration of a reasonable time. SELF-CHECK 12. 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is the meaning of property in the goods? What is the significance of the transfer of title or ownership in the goods? When does the risk pass to the buyer in a contract of sale of goods? How would you determine the time when the property in the goods passes to the buyer?When is the property in the goods transferred to the buyer in a contract for sale of unascertained goods? When is the title or ownership transferred to the buyer in a contract for sale of a specific or ascertained goods? 212 TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) ACTIVITY 12. 2 Discuss the following question 500 tonne metric of flour belonging to a vendor were stored in a godown belonging to Mr. Isaac. The vendor sold 200 tonne metric of the flour to Mr Hans and gave him a delivery order addressed to Mr Isaac.When Mr HansE carrier arrived at the godown, Mr Isaac had already set aside the 200 tonne metric of the flour. The carrier handed the delivery order to Mr Isaac who gave instructions for loading to commence. Before the loading could commence, Mr IsaacEs godown caught by fire and it done for(p) the whole stock of the flour. Discuss when did the property in the goods pass and who shall bear the loss. A contract of sale is the transfer of ownership of the goods to the buyer for a money consideration. Where the property in the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer, the contract is called a sale.Where the transfer of the property in the goods is to take place at a future time or subject to some condition thereafter to be fulfilled, the contract is called an agreement to sell. What distinguishes a sale from an agreement to sell is in terms of ownership or the property in the goods. A condition is a stipulation essential to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a right to treat the contract as repudiated. A warranty is a stipulation collateral to the main purpose of t he contract, the breach of which give rise to a claim for damages but not a right to reject the goods and treat the contract as repudiated.The conditions and warranties implied in a contract of sale of goods bind the contracting parties, the buyer and the seller. The parties to a contract of sale may exclude the implied terms by the express agreement or by previous dealings or by usage. TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) 213 In a contract of sale of goods, there are implied conditions as regards to title, description, sample, fitness for particular purpose and merchantable quality.Unless the circumstances of the contract indicate a different intention, there is an implied condition on the part of the seller that in the case of a sale, he has a right to sell the goods, and in the case of an agreement to sell, he will have a right to sell the goods at the time when the property or ownership is to pass. There is an implied warranty that the buyer shall have and enjoy quiet possessi on of the goods and that the goods shall be free from any charge or encumbrance in favour of any third party not declared or known to the buyer before or at the time when the contact is made.The risk passes when the property in the goods passes, thus the goods will remain at the sellerEs risk until the property in the goods is transferred to the buyer. Agreement to sell Fitness for purpose Implied terms Merchantable quality Property in goods Sample Title Sale of goods Transfer of title Text Books Harlina Mohamed On & Rozanah Ab. Rahman. (2007). Undang-Undang Perniagaan Malaysia. Selangor Kumpulan Usahawan Muslim Sdn. Bhd. Wu M. A. & Vohrah B. (2000). The Commercial Law of Malaysia (2nd Ed. ). Selangor Pearson and Longman. CasesBaldry v. Marshall 1925 1 KB 260. Beale v. Taylor 1967 1 WLR 1193. Cammell Laird & Co v. Manganese Bronz and Brass Co Ltd 1934 AC 402. Drummond v. Van Ingen (1887) 12 App. Cas. 284. 214 TOPIC 12 LAW OF SALE OF GOODS (PART I) Griffiths v. Peter Conway Ltd. 1939 1 All ER 685. Moore & Co v. Landauer & Co 1921 2 KB 519. Nagurdas Purshotumdas & Co. v Mitsui Bussan Kaisha Ltd (1911) 12 SSLR 67. Rowland v Divall 1923 2 KB 500. Thornett & Fehr v. Beers & Sons 1913 1 KB 486. Wilson v. Ricket, Cockerall & Co. Ltd 1954 1 All ER 868.

Food Regulations Essay

1.State the administrative agency which controls the regularisation. Explain why this agency and your proposed commandment interest you (briefly). Will this proposed convention affect you or the business in which you are working? If so, how? Submit a copy of the proposed regulation along with your responses to these five questions. The proposed regulation can be submitted as either a separate Word document (.doc) or Adobe file (.pdf). This means you pull up s clutchs submit two attachments to the Week 2 Drop box (a) a Word document with the questions and your answers and (b) a copy of the proposed regulation you used for this assignment. (10 points) 2.Describe the proposal/change. (10 points)3.Write the public comment that you would submit to this proposal. If the proposed regulation deadline has already passed, write the comment you would have submitted. Explain briefly what you wish to accomplish with your comment. (10 points) 4.Provide the deadline by which the public comment must be made. (If the date has already passed, delight provide when the deadline was). (5 points) 5. Once you have submitted your comment, what will you are legally entitled to do later in the promulgation process (if you should choose to do so)?(See the standards discussion of the Administrative Procedure Act.) If the proposal passes, identify and explain the five legal theories you could use in an attempt to have (any) administrative regulation declared invalid and overturned in court. Which of these challenges would be the best way to challenge the regulation you selected for this assignment if you wanted to have the regulation overturned and why? Answer all of these questions for 5 even if you are in favor of your proposed regulation. The response to question 5 should be a minimum of 23 paragraphs long. (15 points)1-FDA publishes rules that establish or modify the way it regulates foods, drugs, biologics, cosmetics, radiation-emitting electronic harvests, and medical devices commodities close to the daily lives of all Americans. FDA rules have considerable impact on the nations wellness, industries and economy. My concern is that under the national legality, a claim that a food is intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease makes that food a drug, and is unlawful.However, federal law provides for FDA approval of a health claim, which is a statement that characterizes the relationship of any substance to a disease or health-related condition (e.g. a claim that atomic frame 20 may reduce the risk of osteoporosis). Under the statutory standard for approval, the claim must be condescended by significant scientific agreement. (www.iflr.msu.edu/iflr/courses/united_states_food_laws)2. The adequacy of federal oversight of food pencil eraser recently became the subject of intense media and congressional scrutiny. The issue came to national prominence when contaminated food caused the death and illness of hundreds of people. The episode served to heighten awareness of the fact that an increasing proportion of the food consumed domestically is imported, and much of it from countries that do not have well established food sentry duty systems. It also began to focus attention on the fact that FDAs funding has not kept up with the responsibilities that have been heaped upon it over the past several years, and that FDA will need additional legal authority to effectively address whatever problem areas they have adequate funding and resources. FDA covered the overall food safety systems of the countries, as well as their food safety systems such as specific commodity areas i.e. seafood, including molluscan shellfish, imported meat products, vegetables and dairy products (excluding Grade A pasteurized milk products). (www.fda.gov/Food/InternationalActivities/Imports/default.htm)3. The controversy over trans-fat offers an example of how one kind of regulation at the federal level can beget other forms of regulation at t he state level. In 2006, an FDA regulation went into effect that subscribes listing the amount of trans-fat present in a packaged food on the label of that food. FDA did not go so far as to ban the use of trans-fat, something that some consumer groups were advocating. However, shortly after the issuance of FDAs rule, state and local jurisdictions started stepping into the breach. A number of localities have banned the use of trans-fat in restaurant foods, and some states, such as California, have begun to follow suit. Faced with a patchwork of local requirements and the dominance for adverse publicity, some major restaurant chains have reformulated their products to eliminate the use of trans-fat, however, nations wide has not complied or just finds a loophole to go most the system in avoiding such regulations.Another issue is the increasing concern of the status of federal regulation of foods and other products that contain nanomaterial. Both proponents and skeptics of nanotechn ology hold the idea that industry has raced ahead of regulatory authorities in bringing nanotech products to market, thereby increasing the potential for consumer injury and environmental harm. Thus, there is at least some support for stronger regulatory oversight of nanotech products in general, and of nanotech foods, including food additives and dietary supplements in specific. Recently, FDA announced that it will hold a public hearing to seek stimulus on various aspects of its approach to regulation of nanotechnology.FDA likely will follow up on that hearing with the issuance of guidance documents specific to the product categories that it oversees. (www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/146784/ healthcare+Food) 4. By law, anyone should participate in the rule-making process by commenting in writing on rules FDA proposes. FDA routinely allows the public input and carefully considers the comments when it draws up a final rule. Another way to influence the way FDA does business is to pet ition the agency to issue, change or cancel a regulation, or to take other action. FDA will act to implement a provision of the FDA Amendments Act of 2007 that requires FDA to establish a reportable food registry, and that requires any person who submits a registration for a food facility under the Bioterrorism Act of 2002 to also notify FDA of instances of reportable food.A reportable food is one for which there exists a reasonable probability that use of, or exposure to, the food will cause serious adverse health consequences or death, the same standard that presently applies to Class I recalls, so the practical effect of the new provision should make it mandatory for companies to notify FDA of a Class I recall situation. FDA Petitions require careful preparation by the submitter, they spends considerable time and staff resources processing petitions. Individuals sometimes submit petitions, but most come from regulated industry or consumer groups. For example, a drug company mig ht request a change in labeling for one of its products a food company might ask that its product be exempted from some provision of a regulation or a consumer group might petition FDA to tighten regulation of a certain product. (RegistrarCorp.com/FDA-Food)5. Health claims have been the subject of considerable controversy. After protracted litigation, federal courts ruled that FDA cannot impose an outright ban on claims that have some scientific support but fail to meet the statutory standard of significant scientific agreement. FDAs strict application of the statutory standard was held to violate the First Amendment of the US Constitution, which protects against government infringement of speech that is not false or misleading.In response to those court decisions, FDA should develop a process for approval of qualified health claims in order to attempt and describe the strength of the scientific evidence that supports a claim. Qualified health claims should be the subject of controv ersy in their deliver right. Some observers believe that qualified health claims are as likely to mislead as to inform consumers, and opposition to their use has grown to the point where Congressional representatives have asked FDA to stop approving them altogether. It remains to be seen how the controversy will be resolved, given that FDAs current approach was essentially forced on it by the judiciary. (www.iflr.msu.edu/iflr/courses/united_states_food_laws)ReferencesFDA gov Homepage U.S Food and Drug Administration homepage Retrieved formwww.fda.gov January 19th, 2013US FDA Food Regulations/FDA Beverage Regulations Retrieved fromwww.registrarcorp.com/fda-food/index.jsp? January 20, 2013Importing Food Products into the United States Retrieved fromwww.fda.gov/Food/InternationalActivities/Imports/default.htm . January 20, 2013 United States FDA Food Labeling Regulations Retrieved fromwww.ladas.com/BULLETINS/1994/0694Bulletin/US_Food

Android Application Development Fundamentals

natural c everywhereing bedrock Quickview humanoid privacyings are composed of one or more operation fixingss (activities, processs, sum providers, and broadcast receivers) all(a)(prenominal) element per micturates a different role in the overall occupation behavior, and separately one bathroom be instigated individually (even by early(a) drills) The manifest file must declare all components in the application and should in whatsoever case declare all application requirements, such as the minimum indication of Android required and any hardware configurations required Non- jurisprudence application resources (images, strings, layout files, etc. should include alternatives for different craft configurations (such as different strings for different languages and different layouts for different screen sizes) In this document 1. act Components 1. Activating components 2. The Manifest File 1. Declaring components 2. Declaring application requirements 3. Applicati on Resources Android applications are written in the burnt umber programming language. The Android SDK tools compile the codealong with any selective information and resource filesinto an Android package, an instrument file with an . apk suffix. All the code in a single . pk file is considered to be one application and is the file that Android-powered devices usance to install the application. Once installed on a device, each Android application lives in its own security sandbox The Android operating scheme is a multi- exploiter Linux system in which each application is a different exploiter. By default, the system assigns each application a anomalous Linux user ID (the ID is used only by the system and is unknown to the application). The system sets permissions for all the files in an application so that only the user ID assigned to that application stool admission fee them. Each process has its own virtual(prenominal) machine (VM), so an applications code runs in isolat ion from other applications. By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the applications components aim to be executed, then shuts down the process when its no longer needed or when the system must recover memory for other applications. In this way, the Android system go fors the principle of least privilege. That is, each application, by default, has access only to the components that it requires to do its work and no more.This creates a very secure environment in which an application cigarette non access parts of the system for which it is non given permission. However, there are ways for an application to share data with other applications and for an application to access system services Its possible to arrange for two applications to share the same Linux user ID, in which carapace they are able to access each others files. To conserve system resources, applications with the same user ID can withal arrange to run in the same Linux process and share the same VM (the applications must also be signed with the same certificate). An application can request permission to access device data such as the users contacts, SMS contentednesss, the mountable storage (SD card), camera, Bluetooth, and more. All application permissions must be granted by the user at install time. That covers the basics regarding how an Android application exists within the system. The rest of this document introduces you to The core framework components that place your application. The manifest file in which you declare components and required device features for your application. Resources that are separate from the application code and allow your application to gracefully optimize its behavior for a variety of device configurations. Application Components Application components are the essential building blocks of an Android application. Each component is a different bakshis done which the system can enter your applica tion. Not all components are actual entry points for the user and just about depend on each other, but each one exists as its own entity and plays a particularized roleeach one is a unique building block that helps define your applications overall behavior. in that respect are four different types of application components. Each type serves a distinct purpose and has a distinct lifecycle that defines how the component is created and destroyed. Here are the four types of application components Activities An use represents a single screen with a user interface. For example, an email application might learn one occupation that shows a hark of new emails, another activity to compose an email, and another activity for reading emails. Although the activities work together to form a cohesive user experience in the email application, each one is independent of the others.As such, a different application can start any one of these activities (if the email application allows it). For ex ample, a camera application can start the activity in the email application that composes new mail, in order for the user to share a picture. An activity is utilize as a subclass of Activity and you can learn more about it in the Activities developer guide. Services A service is a component that runs in the ground to perform long-running operations or to perform work for remote processes.A service does not provide a user interface. For example, a service might play music in the background while the user is in a different application, or it might fetch data over the network without blocking user inter implement with an activity. Another component, such as an activity, can start the service and let it run or bind to it in order to interact with it. A service is utilise as a subclass of Service and you can learn more about it in the Services developer guide. gist providers A content provider manages a shared set of application data.You can store the data in the file system, an SQLi te database, on the web, or any other persistent storage location your application can access. Through the content provider, other applications can query or even modify the data (if the content provider allows it). For example, the Android system provides a content provider that manages the users contact information. As such, any application with the proper permissions can query part of the content provider (such as ContactsContract. Data) to read and bring out information about a particular person. guinea pig providers are also useful for reading and create verbally data that is private to your application and not shared. For example, the Note Pad sample application uses a content provider to save notes. A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider and must implement a standard set of APIs that enable other applications to perform transactions. For more information, see the Content Providers developer guide. Broadcast receivers A broadcast receiver is a comp onent that responds to system-wide broadcast announcements.Many broadcasts originate from the systemfor example, a broadcast announcing that the screen has turned off, the battery is low, or a picture was stopd. Applications can also initiate broadcastsfor example, to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use. Although broadcast receivers dont pageant a user interface, they may create a status bar notification to alert the user when a broadcast event occurs. More commonly, though, a broadcast receiver is just a admission to other components and is intended to do a very minimal amount of work.For instance, it might initiate a service to perform some work based on the event. A broadcast receiver is implemented as a subclass of BroadcastReceiver and each broadcast is comported as an Intent object. For more information, see the BroadcastReceiver class. A unique aspect of the Android system be after is that any appl ication can start another applications component. For example, if you want the user to capture a photo with the device camera, theres probably another application that does that and your application can use it, preferably of developing an activity to capture a photo yourself.You dont need to incorporate or even middleman to the code from the camera application. Instead, you can simply start the activity in the camera application that captures a photo. When complete, the photo is even returned to your application so you can use it. To the user, it seems as if the camera is actually a part of your application. When the system starts a component, it starts the process for that application (if its not already running) and instantiates the classes needed for the component. For xample, if your application starts the activity in the camera application that captures a photo, that activity runs in the process that belongs to the camera application, not in your applications process. Therefo re, unlike applications on most other systems, Android applications dont have a single entry point (theres no main() function, for example). Because the system runs each application in a separate process with file permissions that restrain access to other applications, your application cannot directly activate a component from another application. The Android system, however, can.So, to activate a component in another application, you must deliver a message to the system that specifies your disembodied spirit to start a particular component. The system then activates the component for you. Activating Components Three of the four component typesactivities, services, and broadcast receiversare activated by an asynchronous message called an intent. Intents bind individual components to each other at runtime (you can think of them as the messengers that request an action from other components), whether the component belongs to your application or another.An intent is created with an I ntent object, which defines a message to activate each a specific component or a specific type of componentan intent can be either explicit or implicit, respectively. A unique aspect of the Android system design is that any application can start another applications component. For example, if you want the user to capture a photo with the device camera, theres probably another application that does that and your application can use it, instead of developing an activity to capture a photo yourself. You dont need to incorporate or even link to the code from the camera application.Instead, you can simply start the activity in the camera application that captures a photo. When complete, the photo is even returned to your application so you can use it. To the user, it seems as if the camera is actually a part of your application. When the system starts a component, it starts the process for that application (if its not already running) and instantiates the classes needed for the componen t. For example, if your application starts the activity in the camera application that captures a photo, that activity runs in the process that belongs to the camera pplication, not in your applications process. Therefore, unlike applications on most other systems, Android applications dont have a single entry point (theres no main() function, for example). Because the system runs each application in a separate process with file permissions that restrict access to other applications, your application cannot directly activate a component from another application. The Android system, however, can. So, to activate a component in another application, you must deliver a message to the system that specifies your intent to start a particular component.The system then activates the component for you. Activating Components Three of the four component typesactivities, services, and broadcast receiversare activated by an asynchronous message called an intent. Intents bind individual components to each other at runtime (you can think of them as the messengers that request an action from other components), whether the component belongs to your application or another. An intent is created with an Intent object, which defines a message to activate either a specific component or a specific type of componentan intent can be either explicit or implicit, respectively.